Max Torque:
torque specification is listed based on lab test environments where the torque tester is set with right size of bolt/nut, and lubricated to exclude heat/friction energy loss in measuring. An other important point is about soft joint vs hard joint.
HARD JOINT: All our measurement is based on hard joint, which meant the bolt/nut is tighten against a hard metal. this give common ground of measurement.
SOFT JOINT: joints includes washer(s) and/or softer material (like wood). The compressible/deformation characteristic of this type of joint will make measured torque lower. (there are many technical paper/docs of this)
Also, if it is impact mechanism, the measured torque accumulates over time, like a hammer hitting the hand wrench.
For Ratchet wrench torque, we have an article advising its properties. https://www.durofix.com/blog/2022/9876/